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English Prepositions and Verbs

This list will help you remember English verbs and prepositions. Practise using them as much as possible to feel more confident.

accuse someone of something
"He accused her of stealing."

agree with someone / something
"I agree with you – you are absolutely right."

agree to do something
"She agreed to wait for him."

agree on something
"We've agreed on all the major points."

apply for
"I'm going to apply for a new job."

apologise for something
"She apologised for being late."

ask someone to do something
"She asked him to do the shopping for her."

ask someone for something
"She asked her boss for a day off."

believe in
"I believe in hard work."

belong to
"This pen belongs to me."

blame someone for doing something
"He blamed her for driving too fast."

blame something on someone
"He blamed the accident on her."

borrow something from someone
"He borrowed some money from the bank."

care about something
"I don't care about money."

care for someone
"She really cares for her grandmother."

take care of something / someone
"Please take care of yourself on holiday."

complain to someone (about something)
"He complained to her about the food."

concentrate on something
"The student concentrated on her homework."

congratulate someone on doing something
"He congratulated her on passing her exam."

consist of something
"The department consists of five people."

depend on someone
"She depended on her friends for support."

explain something to someone
"She explained the new system to them."

listen to someone
"The students listened to their teacher."

look at something
"Look at that view – it's wonderful."

look for something / someone
"Will you help me look for my book?"

look after someone
"I need to look after my mother – she's ill."

pay someone for something
"Can you pay me for the shopping later?"

prefer someone / something to someone
"I prefer coffee to tea."

protect someone from something
"A scarf will protect you from the cold."

provide someone with something
"They provide families with housing."

regard someone as
"She regarded her sister as her best friend."

rely on someone / something
"Can I rely on you to get the shopping?"

search for someone / something
"The police searched the building for bombs."

spend money / time on
"I spent all my money on books as a student."

think about someone / something
"I think about you all the time."

think about / of doing something
"I'm thinking about / of buying a new car."

think of something
"I've just thought of a new idea."
"What do you think of the new magazine?"

translate from something into something else
"Don't translate from English into French."

wait for someone
"I waited an hour for him, then went home."

warn someone about
"The doctor warned her about smoking."

Prepositions of time

Using the right preposition in English can be a problem. Here are the most common ones used to talk about time, place and transport.

Time

in a century
"There were many inventions in the twentieth century."

in a year
"She left school in 1987."

in a month
"He's leaving in January."

in a season
"We usually go on holiday in summer."

in a part of the day
"I'm leaving in the morning, not in the evening."

during or in – when something happens
"Muslims fast during / in Ramadan."
"It rained during / in the night."

for – how long something takes
"She played tennis for an hour."

at Christmas or at Easter
"Christians celebrate at Christmas and at Easter."

at the weekend
"I play tennis at the weekend."

at night
"I go to sleep at night."

at a time
"The appointment is at four o'clock in the afternoon."

on a day
"The appointment is on Monday."

on a date
"I'm leaving on 12 December."

Place

on or on top of
"The remote control is on the table."

above (higher than)
"Look at the clock above the mantelpiece."

under or underneath
"The keys are under the mat."

beneath (old fashioned word to mean under)

below (lower than)
"The chart below shows the annual figures."
"It was below freezing last night."

next to "A is next to B in the alphabet."

between "B is between A and C in the alphabet."

opposite
"The bank is opposite the supermarket. If you walk outside the bank, you can see the supermarket in front of you, on the other side of the road."

across
"Walk across the road, to the other side."

round / around
"It's round the corner – you can't see it from here."

Transport

on a train, a bus, a plane, a bicycle

get on / off a train / a bus / a plane / a bike

in a car

get in / out of a car

go by car / train / plane / bus

go on foot

Prepositions and adjectives

In English grammar, it's sometimes hard to remember which preposition is used with which adjective. The list below is a handy reference for the more common adjectives.

afraid of
"I'm afraid of heights."
also scared of, frightened of

angry about something
"She was angry about the new rules at work."

angry with someone
"He was angry with his son for coming home late."

bad at something
"The student was bad at Geography."
also good at

crazy about something
"She was crazy about the Spice Girls and had all their CD's."

different from or to something / someone
"The English are different from the Americans."

happy to do something
"She was happy to help."
also glad to and pleased to

happy for someone
"I was happy for him when he passed his exam."
also pleased for

happy with someone / something
"The boss was happy with his work."
also pleased with and satisfied with

ill with something
"She's ill with the flu."

nice to someone
"Be nice to him – he's had a bad day."

polite to someone
"The policeman was very polite to me."

ready to do something
"I'm ready to start work now."

ready for something / someone
"It takes me an hour to get the children ready for school."

responsible for something / someone
"She felt responsible for her children."

tired from doing something (physically tired)
"I'm tired from all this hard work."
also exhausted from

tired with or of something (fed up, bored with)
"She was tired of taking the train to work every day and decided to drive instead."

typical of someone
"It's typical of her to do that for you – she always offers to help."

English Grammar Tip

The secret of remembering the right preposition in English grammar is through practice. Try to use them as much as possible and you'll soon be saying them without having to think.

"If" sentences

There are four main types of if sentences in English, often called conditional sentences.

These sentences are in two halves, with the if part in one half and the other part where you can use words such as can, will, may, might, could and would.

If + present form + present form

"If you heat ice, it melts."

In this type of sentence, you could use when instead of if. It's always true that when you heat ice it melts. This is why this type of sentence is sometimes called a zero conditional.

If + present form, + will, can or may

"If I am late, I will call you."

"If you need me, you can call me at home."

"If it gets any hotter, we may have a thunder storm."

In these sentences (or first conditional sentences), there is a strong possibility that the first part (coming after if) is going to happen. The second part says what will happen as a result.

If + past form + would, could or might

"If I got a pay rise, I would buy a new car."

"If you left your job, you could travel around the world."

"If you were nicer to him, he might lend you the money."

In these sentences, the first part with if shows that the event is unlikely to happen. In English, we often use this type of sentence (called a second conditional) to talk about hypotheses, or imaginary future events.

For example, "If I was President of the United States, I would change some laws." But I know that I'll never be the President of the USA – I'm just saying what I would do if I was in his/her position. Note: in American English, it is correct to use "if I were…" In British English, it's more common to say "if I was…"

If + past perfect + would/might/could have done

"If I had revised, I would have passed my exams."

"If we had gone out earlier, we might have got to the cinema on time."

"If you had told me there was a problem, I could have helped."

In these sentences (or third conditional sentences), the first part of the sentence with if didn't happen. So there is no possibility of the second part of the sentence happening. I didn't revise, so I didn't pass my exams and there is nothing I can do about it now. English speakers use this type of sentence to show how things could have been different.

Some and Any

We use some and any with uncountable nouns and plural nouns. The general rule is that you use "some" in positive sentences and "any" in negative sentences and questions.

"I have some ideas."
"I don't have any ideas."
"Do you have any ideas?"

However, we can also use "some" in questions.
"Would you like some tea?" (I expect the answer to be "Yes".)

When we use some in a question, we limit what we are offering the other person.

For example, "Can I get you something to drink? – Coffee, or tea?" means I am offering you a limited choice of things to drink.

When we use "any" in a question, we are not limiting the choice.

For example, "Would you like anything to drink?" includes a whole range of things to drink.
"Do you have any questions?" (You can ask me anything you like!)

We can also use any in positive sentences which have a negative meaning. We often use "any" with "hardly", "without" or "never".

"There's hardly any petrol left in the car – we need to go to a garage."
"He went out without any money on him."
"She never has any problem understanding."

How to choose your English tenses

Using the correct tense and verb form is important in English grammar. Here's a simple rule to help you choose which tense to use – which tense you use depends on how you see the event or action.

Routine or permanent situations

- use the simple form. For example, "I live in London" tells you that "live" is true all the time – London is my home.

"I lived in the countryside when I was a child" – this was a long-term situation in the past.

Temporary or continuing situations

- use the continuous form. For example, "I'm working as a secretary at the moment" – the job isn't permanent and maybe I'm doing it for a while until I get another job.

"House prices are rising" – they are continuing to rise and haven't stopped rising yet.

"She was wearing a black dress" – she put it on before I saw her and she still wore it after I saw her – wearing the dress continued over a period of time.

Connecting different times

- use the perfect form to show that one event was completed before another, or to show that one situation continues from one time to another.

For example, "I have lived here for two years" – I started to live here two years ago and I still live here.

"I will have finished the report before next week" – some time before next week, but I don't know exactly when.

"He had studied law before he met her" – he studied law before he met her, but we don't know when.

T E N S E S

T E N S E S

I. PRESENT

1. Simple Present Tense

POLA:

Subject + Verb 1 + …. They / We I / You

Subject + Verb s-es + …. He / She It

FUNGSI:

a. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang – ulang dan terus menerus.

Contoh :

The students go to school everyday.

She studies English twice a week.

I go to church on Sundays

We celebrate our independence day once in a year.

b. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth).

Contoh:

The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.

The earth revolves round the sun.

The pineapple never grows up on a tree.

c. Digunakan dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.

When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing on her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.

KETERANGAN WAKTU:

1. Every morning/day/week/month/year
2. Once, twice, three times, four times, …
3. Adverb of frequency : always, usually, sometimes, often, never, seldom.

2. Present Continuous Tense

POLA :

Subyek + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing

FUNGSI;

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu diucapkan.

Contoh:

They are still playing at the moment.

She is reading a novel now.

1. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan diucapkan.

Contoh:

I am learning French this year.

Mr. Brown is teaching English.

KETERANGAN WAKTU: Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.

Note : Ketika ada kata kerja seperti: Look!, Listen!, Watch!, Notice! ( Imperative), maka tenses

nya Present Continuous.

Contoh: * Look! The man is climbing.

* Listen! The girls next door are singing my favourite song.

3. Present Perfect Tense

POLA:

Subject + Have + Verb 3 + …. Has

FUNGSI :

a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan waktunya tidak tertentu.

Contoh :

William Shakespeare has written many short stories.

I have swept the floor. It looks clean now.

1. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang.

Contoh:

My friends and I have gone to Bali.

Shinta has visited her grand parents many times.

KETERANGAN WAKTU: Since, for, just (baru saja), already, yet, so far.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

POLA :

Subject + Have + Been + Verb-ing Has

FUNGSI :

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang mulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau dan sampai sekarang masih berlangsung.

Contoh:

My sister has been studying English for three months.

The students have been doing the test since 11 o’clock.

KETERANGAN WAKTU: For, since.

5. Simple Past Tense

POLA:

Subject + Verb 2 + Object + ….

FUNGSI:

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Contoh:

I met my music teacher yesterday.

My mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.

Rendy closed the window five minutes ago.

The students presented their project work this morning.

KETERANGAN WAKTU:

- Last …. - …ago - This afternoon

- Just now - This morning - Yesterday

6. Past Continuous Tense

POLA:

Subject + was + Verb- ing were

FUNGSI:

1. Untuk menggambarkan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau.

Contoh:

I was studying at my friend’s house.

My parents were chatting in the living room.

1. Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau, dimana peristiwa lain juga terjadi .

Contoh:

When I was studying, someone knocked the door.

When I was walking to school, I met Dian sastro.

7. Past Perfect tense

POLA:

Subject + Had + Verb 3

FUNGSI:

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi sebelum kegiatan lain di waktu lampau muncul.

Contoh:

The teachers went home after they had finished teaching.

When I arrived Kridosono, my favourite artist had performed.

KETERANGAN WAKTU: when, after, before.

8. Future Tense

POLA:

Subject + shall + Verb 1 + … will

FUNGSI:

1. Untuk menggambarkan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.

Contoh:

Bobby will come here tomorrow.

I shall call my parents when I get home.

1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa mendatang yangbukan merupakan keinginan atau kehendak.

Contoh:

Tomy will be fourteen years old next year.

We shall die one day.

KETERANGAN WAKTU: Tomorrow, next week/month/year, the day after tomorrow.

Future Perfect Tense

I will have sung

The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.

How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?

The structure of the future perfect tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb WILL	+	auxiliary verb HAVE	+	main verb
		invariable		invariable		past participle
		will		have		V3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		auxiliary verb	main verb
+	I	will		have	finished	by 10am.
+	You	will		have	forgotten	me by then.
-	She	will	not	have	gone	to school.
-	We	will	not	have	left.
?	Will	you		have	arrived?
?	Will	they		have	received	it?

In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:

I will have	I’ll have	I’ll’ve
you will have	you’ll have	you’ll’ve
he will have she will have it will have	he’ll have she’ll have it’ll have	he’ll’ve she’ll’ve it’ll’ve
we will have	we’ll have	we’ll’ve
they will have	they’ll have	they’ll’ve

We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.

How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:

• The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

The train will have left when you arrive.
past	present	future
		Train leaves in future at 9am.
9 9.15
		You arrive in future at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

• You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
• They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
• “Mary won’t be at home when you arrive.”
  “Really? Where will she have gone?”

You can sometimes think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of your viewpoint being in the present, it is in the future:

present perfect tense				future perfect tense
	| have | done | > |					will | have | done | > |
past	now	future		past	now	future